Trudy Rubin on the "strong whiff of Putinism" in Erdogan's Turkey
Has Turkey been getting more democratic during the past decade? In some ways the answer to that question seems to be positive, but in other ways it's a lot more ambiguous, and any account of Turkish politics that tries to deny or evade those ambiguities is unrealistic and misleading.
Turkey has been going through a complex political and cultural transition, and the ultimate outcome remains uncertain. The steps taken by the AKP government to reduce the political power of the military and to dismantle the quasi-authoritarian remnants of the Kemalist "deep state" apparatus are potentially valuable contributions toward strengthening and deepening Turkish democracy. In the process, however, the AKP has been dismantling the whole structure of institutional and socio-political restraints on its own power and freedom of action, both formal and informal. So far, they have proceeded in a (generally) cautious, restrained, and disciplined manner. But will that continue to be true once the remaining constraints have been removed?
The AKP has been moving to consolidate its grip on the various branches of the state apparatus, including the police and the judiciary, and has engaged in sustained efforts to silence or intimidate critics and opponents. Turkey has never been a paradise for freedom of the press or freedom of expression more generally, but lately the numbers of indicted and imprisoned journalists, along with other measures against independent news media, have drawn condemnations from groups like Reporters Without Borders and Amnesty International. Some of the ongoing judicial inquisitions, ostensibly directed against plots for military coups, see to be metastasizing into a McCarthyite witch-hunt. All this is further complicated by the personal style and political ambitions of Erdogan himself, who has become a central figure in Turkish politics to an extent probably unmatched since Ataturk—and who obviously wants things to stay that way.
This whole process of consolidating the AKP's one-party control has been facilitated by the disunity and ineffectiveness of the opposition parties--a fact that makes the current eruption of extra-parliamentary protest especially significant. This protest wave might turn out to be a useful corrective moment on a long-term path toward genuine democratization ... or it might lead to a backlash in which Erdogan and the AKP move even more harshly to suppress criticism and opposition. That remains to be seen, and one should avoid excessive pessimism as well as undue complacency about the prospects of Turkish democracy. But it's clear that people who worry about the possibility that Turkey might be in the process of moving from one quasi-authoritarian system to another have plausible grounds for concern that can't simply be dismissed.
In the meantime, if anyone thinks that talk of a "McCarthyite witch-hunt" is exaggerated or hysterical, just read the illuminating piece by Trudy Rubin below.
—Jeff Weintraub
===================================
Philadelphia Inquirer
June 9, 2013
Clues on Turkey in jailing of educator
By Trudy Rubin
Kemal Guruz, jailed for nearly a year.
If you want to understand why tens of thousands of young urban Turks have been demonstrating against their government, you need look no further than the tragic plight of Kemal Guruz.
Guruz, one of Turkey's most distinguished academic reformers and the onetime head of Turkey's Higher Education Council (known as YOK), has been held without charges in a maximum-security prison for nearly a year.
An indictment against him was finally issued a couple of weeks ago, but the details have not been made public nor revealed to him or his family. The case is supposedly related to a long-running investigation launched by the "moderate" Islamic government of Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan into events that led to the resignation of a more hard-line Islamist government in 1997.
Guruz, an outspoken advocate of Turkey's secular traditions, says he had no links whatsoever to the 1997 events - which Erdogan's followers regard as a "soft" coup - and no credible evidence to the contrary has been presented. Rather, Turkish human-rights activists believe Guruz's arrest is part of a systematic effort by Erdogan's AKP party to intimidate academics, journalists, and others who oppose its efforts to Islamacize society.
The dragnet arrests that ensnared Guruz reflect the same arrogance of power that was on display last week when the government responded brutally to peaceful environmental protests against the destruction of Istanbul's Gezi Park. That arrogance transformed a small demonstration into nationwide protests by middle-class, (mostly) secular youth against government intimidation of those with different views.
Erdogan has racked up solid domestic achievements - notably, economic growth that has expanded the middle class. But the crackdown in Gezi Park triggered an explosion of pent-up outrage over the AKP's crony capitalism and coercive measures, such as banning alcohol in public places after 10 p.m. and intimidating the press.
Turkish media have been so cowed that the leading TV channels failed to cover the massive demonstrations. When social media tried to pick up the slack, Erdogan denounced Twitter as "the worst menace to society," and 34 cyberactivists were arrested. Reporters Without Borders has ranked Turkey 154th out of 179 countries on its press freedom index, just below Russia.
Indeed, there is a strong whiff of Putinism in Erdogan's disdain for civil society, and his hopes to change Turkey's constitution to enable himself to become president and solidify power. The prime minister appears to think that, after winning 50 percent of the votes in 2011, he needn't listen to anyone who didn't choose him. But his backers included many liberals who will not vote for him again.
So anyone (see: President Obama) who views Erdogan's Turkey as the model that Arab states should follow should reconsider. Indeed, long before the Gezi Park protests, the AKP's democracy deficit was laid bare by the arrests of Guruz and many others like him.
I visited Guruz in Ankara in October 2010 and found this erudite, patriotic man bewildered at the allegations leveled against him. At that time he had just been called in for questioning on claims that he was part of a bizarre conspiracy called Ergenekon (the name of a mythical Turkish valley), in which a shadowy network of military officers allegedly plotted to overthrow Erdogan's government just after he came to power.
These accusations provided an excuse for a religiously oriented government to arrest a wide swath of intellectuals, university presidents, women's-rights advocates, journalists, and writers, who were critics of AKP policies. Many of them were advocates for maintaining a secular, or at least tolerant, Turkey, and have languished in prison for years without trial.
"They charged me with being a member of a secret terrorist organization, which I never heard of before, including some guys I've been opposed to," Guruz told me. "This is like a nightmare." The nightmare was destined to get much worse.
In June 2012, while on a cruise, Guruz received word that he was wanted for questioning about his alleged involvement with the Turkish military in the 1997 "coup." He immediately returned to Ankara to deny the allegations, but was arrested and put in a maximum-security prison. He has been held without trial as a flight risk - even though he had voluntarily returned from abroad.
Guruz believes the government's real grievances against him revolve around steps he took as head of YOK that were legal but anathema to Islamist officials: enforcing constitutional policy on banning girls in head scarves from university campuses, and helping design a new university admissions policy (without any military input) that was disliked by officials from Muslim schools.
This stellar educator, highly respected in the West, faces a possible life sentence in solitary confinement. His trial may be held soon; a judge could dismiss the paper-thin case, but the government may not want to lose face.
As thousands of young people continue to demonstrate against the government, the outcome of Guruz's case will symbolize the direction this Turkish government intends to take.
There are two options: On the one hand, Erdogan takes a hard line, dismissing the demonstrators as terrorists. He still says Gezi Park will be razed and a mosque built nearby. On the other hand, President Abdullah Gul, also an AKP leader, insists all Turkish views (secular or religious) should be freely expressed and considered by the government.
If Gul's outlook prevails, the demonstrations will likely cool and the politicized charges against Guruz should be dropped soon. If Guruz is convicted, it will signal to Turkey's citizens and allies that its democracy faces very rough times.
E-mail Trudy Rubin at trubin@phillynews.com. Read her blog at www.inquirer.com/worldview.
Turkey has been going through a complex political and cultural transition, and the ultimate outcome remains uncertain. The steps taken by the AKP government to reduce the political power of the military and to dismantle the quasi-authoritarian remnants of the Kemalist "deep state" apparatus are potentially valuable contributions toward strengthening and deepening Turkish democracy. In the process, however, the AKP has been dismantling the whole structure of institutional and socio-political restraints on its own power and freedom of action, both formal and informal. So far, they have proceeded in a (generally) cautious, restrained, and disciplined manner. But will that continue to be true once the remaining constraints have been removed?
The AKP has been moving to consolidate its grip on the various branches of the state apparatus, including the police and the judiciary, and has engaged in sustained efforts to silence or intimidate critics and opponents. Turkey has never been a paradise for freedom of the press or freedom of expression more generally, but lately the numbers of indicted and imprisoned journalists, along with other measures against independent news media, have drawn condemnations from groups like Reporters Without Borders and Amnesty International. Some of the ongoing judicial inquisitions, ostensibly directed against plots for military coups, see to be metastasizing into a McCarthyite witch-hunt. All this is further complicated by the personal style and political ambitions of Erdogan himself, who has become a central figure in Turkish politics to an extent probably unmatched since Ataturk—and who obviously wants things to stay that way.
This whole process of consolidating the AKP's one-party control has been facilitated by the disunity and ineffectiveness of the opposition parties--a fact that makes the current eruption of extra-parliamentary protest especially significant. This protest wave might turn out to be a useful corrective moment on a long-term path toward genuine democratization ... or it might lead to a backlash in which Erdogan and the AKP move even more harshly to suppress criticism and opposition. That remains to be seen, and one should avoid excessive pessimism as well as undue complacency about the prospects of Turkish democracy. But it's clear that people who worry about the possibility that Turkey might be in the process of moving from one quasi-authoritarian system to another have plausible grounds for concern that can't simply be dismissed.
In the meantime, if anyone thinks that talk of a "McCarthyite witch-hunt" is exaggerated or hysterical, just read the illuminating piece by Trudy Rubin below.
—Jeff Weintraub
===================================
Philadelphia Inquirer
June 9, 2013
Clues on Turkey in jailing of educator
By Trudy Rubin
Kemal Guruz, jailed for nearly a year.
If you want to understand why tens of thousands of young urban Turks have been demonstrating against their government, you need look no further than the tragic plight of Kemal Guruz.
Guruz, one of Turkey's most distinguished academic reformers and the onetime head of Turkey's Higher Education Council (known as YOK), has been held without charges in a maximum-security prison for nearly a year.
An indictment against him was finally issued a couple of weeks ago, but the details have not been made public nor revealed to him or his family. The case is supposedly related to a long-running investigation launched by the "moderate" Islamic government of Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan into events that led to the resignation of a more hard-line Islamist government in 1997.
Guruz, an outspoken advocate of Turkey's secular traditions, says he had no links whatsoever to the 1997 events - which Erdogan's followers regard as a "soft" coup - and no credible evidence to the contrary has been presented. Rather, Turkish human-rights activists believe Guruz's arrest is part of a systematic effort by Erdogan's AKP party to intimidate academics, journalists, and others who oppose its efforts to Islamacize society.
The dragnet arrests that ensnared Guruz reflect the same arrogance of power that was on display last week when the government responded brutally to peaceful environmental protests against the destruction of Istanbul's Gezi Park. That arrogance transformed a small demonstration into nationwide protests by middle-class, (mostly) secular youth against government intimidation of those with different views.
Erdogan has racked up solid domestic achievements - notably, economic growth that has expanded the middle class. But the crackdown in Gezi Park triggered an explosion of pent-up outrage over the AKP's crony capitalism and coercive measures, such as banning alcohol in public places after 10 p.m. and intimidating the press.
Turkish media have been so cowed that the leading TV channels failed to cover the massive demonstrations. When social media tried to pick up the slack, Erdogan denounced Twitter as "the worst menace to society," and 34 cyberactivists were arrested. Reporters Without Borders has ranked Turkey 154th out of 179 countries on its press freedom index, just below Russia.
Indeed, there is a strong whiff of Putinism in Erdogan's disdain for civil society, and his hopes to change Turkey's constitution to enable himself to become president and solidify power. The prime minister appears to think that, after winning 50 percent of the votes in 2011, he needn't listen to anyone who didn't choose him. But his backers included many liberals who will not vote for him again.
So anyone (see: President Obama) who views Erdogan's Turkey as the model that Arab states should follow should reconsider. Indeed, long before the Gezi Park protests, the AKP's democracy deficit was laid bare by the arrests of Guruz and many others like him.
I visited Guruz in Ankara in October 2010 and found this erudite, patriotic man bewildered at the allegations leveled against him. At that time he had just been called in for questioning on claims that he was part of a bizarre conspiracy called Ergenekon (the name of a mythical Turkish valley), in which a shadowy network of military officers allegedly plotted to overthrow Erdogan's government just after he came to power.
These accusations provided an excuse for a religiously oriented government to arrest a wide swath of intellectuals, university presidents, women's-rights advocates, journalists, and writers, who were critics of AKP policies. Many of them were advocates for maintaining a secular, or at least tolerant, Turkey, and have languished in prison for years without trial.
"They charged me with being a member of a secret terrorist organization, which I never heard of before, including some guys I've been opposed to," Guruz told me. "This is like a nightmare." The nightmare was destined to get much worse.
In June 2012, while on a cruise, Guruz received word that he was wanted for questioning about his alleged involvement with the Turkish military in the 1997 "coup." He immediately returned to Ankara to deny the allegations, but was arrested and put in a maximum-security prison. He has been held without trial as a flight risk - even though he had voluntarily returned from abroad.
Guruz believes the government's real grievances against him revolve around steps he took as head of YOK that were legal but anathema to Islamist officials: enforcing constitutional policy on banning girls in head scarves from university campuses, and helping design a new university admissions policy (without any military input) that was disliked by officials from Muslim schools.
This stellar educator, highly respected in the West, faces a possible life sentence in solitary confinement. His trial may be held soon; a judge could dismiss the paper-thin case, but the government may not want to lose face.
As thousands of young people continue to demonstrate against the government, the outcome of Guruz's case will symbolize the direction this Turkish government intends to take.
There are two options: On the one hand, Erdogan takes a hard line, dismissing the demonstrators as terrorists. He still says Gezi Park will be razed and a mosque built nearby. On the other hand, President Abdullah Gul, also an AKP leader, insists all Turkish views (secular or religious) should be freely expressed and considered by the government.
If Gul's outlook prevails, the demonstrations will likely cool and the politicized charges against Guruz should be dropped soon. If Guruz is convicted, it will signal to Turkey's citizens and allies that its democracy faces very rough times.
E-mail Trudy Rubin at trubin@phillynews.com. Read her blog at www.inquirer.com/worldview.
posted by Jeff Weintraub at 10:21 AM
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